In the final months of 2025, Perplexity AI has become one of the most prominent defendants in the emerging field of artificial‑intelligence and copyright litigation. In just a few weeks, a series of actions has been filed in different fora against the company behind the Perplexity “answer engine” and its Comet browser. Encyclopaedia and dictionary publishers, newspaper groups, a social‑media platform and an Italian broadcasting and film conglomerate have all chosen to frame t

By now, the bar has learned the hard way that careless use of large‑language models can spawn phantom citations and plausible‑sounding...